Managing global patent filings can be complex, especially for businesses focused on maintaining innovation cycles. Ensuring your intellectual property (IP) is protected while keeping up with rapid product development requires a well-thought-out strategy. This balance is critical, as delaying patents may expose your innovations to copycats, while focusing too much on patents can slow down your creative processes.
This article explores how you can effectively manage global patent filings without interrupting innovation cycles, ensuring that your business continues to grow and innovate while protecting its most valuable assets.
Understanding the Global Patent Landscape
Patenting a product or idea is a crucial step in protecting your innovation. However, the global patent system is not a one-size-fits-all process. Each country has its own patent laws, timeframes, and regulations.
This means that filing a patent in the U.S. differs from filing one in Europe or Asia. Understanding these differences is the first step to developing a strategy that supports both innovation and IP protection.
Key Challenges in Global Patent Filings
One of the biggest challenges when filing patents across multiple countries is dealing with different patent timelines and requirements. For example, the European Patent Office (EPO) may require different documentation than the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
You may also encounter different standards for patentable inventions. Some countries have more rigorous examination processes, while others may have lenient requirements.
This complexity can cause delays if you don’t have a proper system in place to manage it. Businesses must be prepared for the nuances of international patent laws, which can become time-consuming and costly if not properly managed.
Why Innovation and Patent Filing Often Clash
Innovation thrives on speed and creativity. In contrast, the patent process is slow, often requiring extensive paperwork, legal assessments, and documentation. This can clash with innovation cycles, which are typically fast-paced, especially in industries like tech or biotech, where products evolve rapidly.
When companies focus too much on patent filings, they risk slowing down the creative processes that keep their business competitive. Innovation teams may become bogged down by administrative tasks instead of focusing on developing new ideas.
On the other hand, ignoring patents for the sake of speed can leave your IP vulnerable to competitors.
Strategies for Balancing Patents and Innovation
To maintain a balance between protecting your innovations and driving continuous product development, a structured approach is necessary. Below are some actionable strategies to ensure that your patent filings do not disrupt innovation cycles.
Early Stage IP Planning
The earlier you incorporate IP strategies into your business processes, the smoother your innovation cycles will be.
From the concept stage, businesses should evaluate whether their innovations require patent protection. By doing so early, you avoid rushed decisions that could delay innovation later on. Set clear milestones for when a new product or idea should be evaluated for patent filing.
Leverage Provisional Patents
Provisional patents offer a simple way to protect your innovations early while buying time for full patent applications. With a provisional patent, you secure your IP with minimal documentation and costs, giving your teams a year to refine their innovations before filing for a full patent.
This helps keep the innovation cycle moving without the pressure of filing a complete patent immediately.
Set Up a Patent Management System
With multiple filings across different countries, it’s easy to get lost in the complexity of global patents. Setting up a centralized patent management system can help streamline the process. This system can track deadlines, requirements, and communication between different patent offices, ensuring that nothing slips through the cracks.
Use Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Filings for Efficiency
The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) is an international treaty that simplifies the process of filing patents in multiple countries. With a PCT application, you can file a single patent application that is recognized by over 150 countries. This means you don’t need to file individual patents in every country immediately, allowing you more time to focus on innovation while securing international protection.
Using the PCT system enables you to delay the need for multiple national filings, giving you up to 30 months from your initial filing to pursue patents in individual countries. This timeframe is crucial for businesses still developing their products or refining their ideas, as it allows them to innovate without immediate pressure to finalize global patent filings.
Align Patent Strategy with Product Development Timelines
To prevent patents from disrupting innovation, it’s essential to integrate patent filings into your product development timelines. Every time your team starts a new project or product, consider the potential patentable elements and plan accordingly.
This forward-thinking approach ensures that patent applications move in parallel with product development, minimizing delays.
Incorporating regular patent reviews as part of your product development cycle can help identify when it’s the right time to file. Additionally, fostering collaboration between the legal team and the product team can ensure that everyone is aligned on deadlines and priorities, reducing the risk of innovation delays caused by patent issues.
Streamline Documentation and Communication
Effective documentation is key when managing multiple patents across different jurisdictions. Create a streamlined process for collecting all necessary materials, such as technical drawings, descriptions, and inventor details.
Centralizing this information will prevent time wasted on gathering last-minute details when filing.
Moreover, ensure clear communication between all stakeholders involved in the patent process. Regular updates between your legal team, product development team, and external patent agents will keep everyone on the same page and prevent surprises that could slow down innovation.
Managing International Patent Costs Without Stifling Innovation
Global patent filings can be expensive, with each country having its own fees, renewal charges, and legal costs. These expenses can quickly add up, particularly for startups or smaller companies that may not have large IP budgets. However, cost management is essential for maintaining both innovation and patent protection.
Prioritize High-Value Markets
When budgeting for global patent filings, not every country will be equally valuable for your business. Focus on filing patents in markets where you expect the most sales or where your competitors are most active.
For example, if you are launching a product primarily in Europe, it may not be necessary to file patents in countries where you don’t have a commercial presence.
By prioritizing high-value markets, you can allocate resources more effectively and ensure that patent costs don’t overwhelm your innovation budget.
Take Advantage of Patent Subsidies and Incentives
Some countries offer subsidies, grants, or tax incentives to businesses filing patents, particularly for innovations in areas like green technology or pharmaceuticals. Investigate whether the countries in which you plan to file patents provide any financial support that can offset the costs.
Utilizing these programs allows you to save on patent filings without having to compromise on your innovation efforts.
Outsource Patent Work to Experienced Firms
Global patent filings require specialized knowledge, and navigating the intricacies of different legal systems can be time-consuming. Outsourcing the patent filing process to experienced law firms or patent agents can save time and reduce the risk of errors.
These professionals are well-versed in international patent law and can help streamline filings, allowing your internal teams to focus on innovation.
Implement Patent Cost Forecasting
Just like budgeting for product development, businesses should also forecast their patent-related costs.
Patent cost forecasting helps anticipate the financial impact of maintaining a global patent portfolio over time. By accounting for patent application fees, renewal fees, and legal costs, you can ensure that patent protection does not hinder your innovation budget.
Many companies use patent management software to help with this. These tools allow you to track current and future patent costs, helping you make informed decisions on where to focus your resources. By having a clear view of costs, businesses can avoid financial bottlenecks that might otherwise slow down innovation.
Establish a Tiered Filing Strategy
For companies with limited budgets, a tiered patent filing strategy is an effective way to balance cost and coverage. This approach involves filing patents first in key markets where immediate protection is necessary and delaying filings in secondary markets.
Over time, as the product grows and your budget expands, you can gradually extend protection to additional countries.
By using a tiered approach, businesses can protect their most important innovations early on without overwhelming their budget, allowing innovation cycles to proceed without unnecessary delays.
Monitor Competitor Patent Activity
Keeping an eye on your competitors’ patent filings can provide valuable insights into industry trends and help you make strategic decisions. Monitoring competitor patents allows you to identify potential overlaps or opportunities to innovate in areas where others may not have filed.
It can also guide your own filing strategy by highlighting key markets or technologies where competitors are focused.
By staying informed about competitor activity, businesses can make smarter patent decisions, ensuring they protect their innovations in the most relevant markets while keeping their innovation cycles intact.
Building an Internal Culture of IP Awareness
For businesses that rely heavily on innovation, creating an internal culture that values intellectual property is key to ensuring patents do not disrupt creativity. Many companies overlook the importance of educating their employees on the value of patents and how to handle IP matters effectively.
Regular Training for Innovation Teams
To ensure that patent filings do not become a burden for innovation teams, it’s important to provide regular training on IP management.
Training sessions can cover the basics of patent law, the importance of protecting innovations, and how the patent process integrates with product development. By educating team members on the impact of their inventions, you can create a seamless workflow that balances patent filings with innovation.
Training also fosters collaboration between legal teams and product developers, allowing for smoother patent processes that don’t slow down creative efforts.
Encourage Early Disclosure
Encouraging early disclosure of inventions is critical to avoiding last-minute patent filings that disrupt innovation cycles.
Create a system where employees can easily submit their ideas for patent evaluation, even in the early stages of product development. By doing so, the legal team can begin the patent process early, minimizing delays down the line.
Incentivizing employees to disclose their ideas through recognition or rewards programs can further boost engagement, ensuring that patentable innovations are identified early on.
Create a Cross-Functional IP Team
To ensure that the patent process integrates smoothly with innovation, consider forming a cross-functional team that includes members from legal, R&D, and product development departments.
This team can meet regularly to discuss upcoming innovations, evaluate patent needs, and create filing strategies. With all stakeholders involved, the team can make informed decisions that support both patent protection and the pace of innovation.
Streamlining the Global Patent Filing Process
Managing global patent filings efficiently is crucial for businesses that aim to innovate without disruptions. The complexity of international filings can overwhelm even the most organized companies, but by implementing streamlined processes, you can minimize the time and resources spent on filing patents, allowing innovation to proceed at full speed.
Centralized Patent Filing Management
A centralized approach to patent management ensures that all aspects of the filing process are coordinated effectively. This means consolidating the responsibilities of filing, tracking, and renewing patents under one department or team.
Using patent management software that tracks deadlines, jurisdictions, and required documentation for each country simplifies the process, ensuring that nothing is missed.
Centralizing this process reduces the administrative burden on your teams, allowing them to focus on innovation while maintaining strong IP protection across multiple countries.
Automate Routine Tasks
Automation is a valuable tool for managing global patent filings. From generating routine documents to tracking patent renewal deadlines, automation tools can handle many of the administrative tasks that typically slow down the patent process.
These tools can send reminders for deadlines, track fee payments, and even assist with drafting patent-related documents based on templates.
Automating routine tasks not only saves time but also reduces the risk of human error, which can be costly when dealing with international patent filings. More importantly, it frees up your innovation teams to focus on their creative work rather than getting bogged down in paperwork.
Outsource Foreign Filings to Local Experts
While some aspects of patent filing can be managed in-house, foreign filings often require local expertise to navigate the specific legal requirements of each jurisdiction. Partnering with local patent firms in the countries where you plan to file ensures that your applications meet all regulatory standards.
These firms can handle the submission process, communicate with local patent offices, and address any country-specific issues.
By outsourcing foreign filings, you reduce the risk of errors or delays, enabling your internal teams to stay focused on innovation rather than managing complex legal details in foreign jurisdictions.
Leverage Global IP Networks
Many businesses are part of global IP networks that allow them to tap into shared resources, legal expertise, and best practices for managing international patent filings.
These networks often provide access to specialized patent attorneys who understand the nuances of global filings, helping you navigate complex regulations more efficiently.
Being part of a global IP network also provides opportunities for knowledge sharing. You can learn from other companies’ patent strategies, stay updated on global IP trends, and optimize your own processes based on the experiences of others.
Use Data Analytics for Decision-Making
Data analytics can play a key role in streamlining your global patent strategy. By analyzing past filing trends, patent performance, and market needs, you can make data-driven decisions on where to file patents, which countries to prioritize, and how to allocate resources most effectively.
For example, if data shows that patents filed in certain regions are more likely to be challenged, you may decide to strengthen your filings in those areas. Conversely, data might reveal that certain markets don’t provide as much value, allowing you to reduce filings in those countries and focus your efforts elsewhere.
Continuous Improvement of Patent Processes
Just like any business process, patent management benefits from continuous improvement.
Regularly reviewing your global patent filing process can help identify inefficiencies or bottlenecks that might slow down innovation. By gathering feedback from your legal, R&D, and product teams, you can find ways to optimize how patents are filed and managed.
Additionally, staying updated on changes in patent laws and regulations in key countries ensures that your strategy remains current, preventing unnecessary delays or issues in the filing process.
Minimizing Disruptions During Patent Reviews
Patent reviews can take time, and delays during this process can slow down product development if not managed properly. However, there are ways to minimize disruptions while ensuring that patents are reviewed thoroughly.
Use Expedited Examination Programs
Some countries offer expedited patent examination programs that allow applicants to speed up the patent review process. For example, the USPTO has the Track One program, which provides prioritized examination for certain types of patents.
Similarly, many countries offer fast-track programs for green technologies or innovations in specific fields.
By utilizing these programs, businesses can significantly reduce the time it takes to secure a patent, ensuring that the review process does not interfere with ongoing product development.
Maintain Open Communication with Patent Offices
Maintaining open and regular communication with patent offices during the review process can help reduce delays. If the examiners have questions or need clarification, providing quick and detailed responses ensures the process moves forward smoothly.
This proactive approach can prevent unnecessary delays caused by miscommunication or incomplete submissions.
Having dedicated patent agents or attorneys who can manage communications with patent offices helps streamline this process, freeing up your internal teams to focus on innovation.
Parallel Patent and Innovation Processes
One way to ensure that patent reviews don’t disrupt innovation cycles is to run parallel processes for both. While the patent is under review, your development teams can continue refining and improving the product.
This approach keeps momentum going, ensuring that the product development cycle doesn’t stall while waiting for IP protection.
Parallel processes also give your teams the flexibility to make changes to the product based on feedback from the market or industry trends, ensuring that the final product is as competitive and innovative as possible.
Adapting to Changing Patent Laws and Market Conditions
Innovation is often driven by rapidly changing technologies and evolving market conditions. At the same time, patent laws are continually being updated to address new challenges and opportunities. Staying ahead of these changes is essential for businesses seeking to protect their intellectual property without slowing down their innovation cycles.
Stay Informed About Global Patent Law Changes
Patent laws vary significantly from country to country and are frequently subject to updates. Staying informed about legal changes in key markets ensures that your business remains compliant and can adapt its filing strategies accordingly.
For example, some countries may introduce fast-track patent systems for certain types of innovations, or they may revise their rules on what qualifies as patentable subject matter.
To keep up with these changes, it is essential to work closely with legal experts or patent firms in the countries where you plan to file patents. They can help ensure that your filings remain compliant and take advantage of any new opportunities created by changes in the law. Regularly attending industry conferences or subscribing to patent law updates can also help keep your team informed.
Be Prepared for Market-Driven Patent Strategies
Market conditions can also influence your patent strategy. For instance, if your industry is experiencing rapid growth in a particular region, you may need to accelerate your patent filings in that area to ensure your IP is protected before competitors enter the market.
Similarly, shifts in consumer demand or new technology trends may require you to adjust your innovation focus and, consequently, your patent strategy.
A flexible patent approach allows you to adapt to market changes without disrupting innovation cycles. By monitoring industry trends and competitor activity, you can ensure that your patent filings are aligned with where the market is heading, protecting your innovations in the most relevant regions.
Build a Dynamic Patent Portfolio
A dynamic patent portfolio is one that evolves in line with your business’s innovation strategy. Rather than filing patents for every single invention, focus on creating a portfolio that protects your core innovations while remaining flexible enough to adapt to new market opportunities.
For example, as new products or technologies emerge within your industry, your business can focus on filing patents that offer broad protection for the most critical aspects of those innovations. This allows you to quickly capitalize on new developments without needing to overhaul your entire patent portfolio.
A dynamic portfolio also includes regular reviews to assess which patents are still valuable and which may no longer be needed. Abandoning outdated patents or focusing on key markets helps streamline your IP protection strategy while maintaining the flexibility to innovate.
Protecting Trade Secrets Alongside Patents
Not every innovation needs to be patented. In some cases, protecting your IP through trade secrets may be more effective, particularly if your innovation involves a process or formula that cannot be easily reverse-engineered.
Unlike patents, trade secrets do not require public disclosure, which means your innovation remains confidential.
A dual strategy that combines patents with trade secrets can help protect different aspects of your business while allowing innovation to proceed uninterrupted. For example, you might patent the final product of an innovation while keeping the manufacturing process a trade secret. This provides robust protection while allowing your company to continue innovating without revealing everything to competitors.
Global Patent Enforcement and Litigation
Once patents are granted, enforcing them across different countries can become a challenge. International litigation can be costly and time-consuming, potentially diverting resources away from innovation.
To minimize disruption, it’s crucial to have a clear enforcement strategy in place for managing patent infringement claims globally.
Working with local legal experts in the countries where you hold patents is key to successful enforcement. These experts can guide you through the specific legal requirements and processes of each jurisdiction. In some cases, pursuing settlements or licensing agreements may be more practical than going through lengthy litigation, allowing your business to maintain its focus on innovation while still protecting its IP.
Leveraging Patent Licensing for Innovation
Patent licensing offers another way to manage global patent filings without slowing down innovation cycles. By licensing your patents to other companies, you can generate revenue while continuing to focus on product development.
Outbound Licensing for Revenue
If your company has developed a patented technology that is not core to your business, consider licensing it to other companies. This allows you to monetize your IP without needing to divert resources from innovation.
Outbound licensing can be particularly beneficial for startups or smaller businesses that need to focus their resources on core products but still want to protect their innovations.
Licensing agreements can also create partnerships that help you expand into new markets, allowing you to continue innovating while benefiting from the licensing partner’s expertise and resources.
Inbound Licensing for Faster Innovation
Inbound licensing, where your company licenses technology from another business, can help accelerate your innovation cycles. Instead of developing a new technology from scratch, licensing existing technology allows you to build on what already exists, saving time and resources.
For example, if there is a patented process or component that aligns with your product development goals, licensing it can help you bring your product to market faster while ensuring IP protection. This strategy allows you to focus your innovation efforts on areas where your team has the most expertise while benefiting from licensed technology to speed up development.
Cross-Licensing Agreements
Cross-licensing agreements, where two companies exchange licenses for their patents, can foster innovation and collaboration. These agreements enable businesses to access new technologies without the risk of litigation, while still protecting their IP. For example, if your company develops software and another company develops hardware, a cross-licensing deal can allow both parties to innovate faster by integrating each other’s technology.
Cross-licensing also helps reduce the costs associated with global patent filings, as companies can rely on shared technologies to develop new products rather than filing for patents in every jurisdiction themselves.
Building an Innovation-First Culture Alongside Patent Strategy
Creating a company culture that values both innovation and intellectual property is essential for managing global patent filings without stifling creativity. This balance not only protects your business’s most valuable assets but also encourages continuous improvement and creative problem-solving.
Fostering a Culture of Innovation
To manage patents effectively while keeping innovation at the forefront, it’s crucial to foster a culture where creativity and intellectual property coexist. This involves educating employees about the importance of protecting IP without creating an environment where patents are seen as barriers to innovation.
Encouraging open collaboration and idea-sharing can help employees feel more empowered to innovate while understanding the value of patenting their ideas. Consider implementing programs that reward innovative thinking, such as internal innovation contests or recognition for employees who contribute to patent filings.
Patent Ambassadors and IP Champions
Designating patent ambassadors or IP champions within your organization can also help bridge the gap between legal teams and innovation teams. These individuals serve as the connection between R&D teams and the legal department, ensuring that inventors understand the patent process and are aware of how to protect their innovations effectively.
Patent ambassadors can also ensure that patent filings remain in sync with innovation cycles by communicating key milestones and patent-related deadlines to innovation teams, helping to avoid last-minute rushes that could disrupt the flow of product development.
Avoiding Innovation Fatigue
One of the risks of focusing too much on patents is creating a culture of innovation fatigue, where employees feel overwhelmed by the constant pressure to patent every new idea. It’s important to strike a balance between protecting valuable innovations and allowing room for experimentation, creativity, and iteration.
Not every idea needs to be patented, and sometimes it’s better to allow certain innovations to develop fully before considering patent protection. This way, innovation teams can focus on refining their ideas without being bogged down by the administrative burden of patent filings.
Encouraging Experimentation with a Flexible Patent Strategy
An important aspect of maintaining innovation alongside patent protection is flexibility. Allowing teams to experiment and explore new ideas without the immediate pressure to patent can foster a more dynamic and creative environment.
A flexible patent strategy that evaluates which innovations truly need protection versus those that can be kept as trade secrets or developed further can help reduce unnecessary disruptions.
At the same time, offering clear guidelines on when patent filings are necessary ensures that valuable IP is not overlooked or left vulnerable. For example, establishing clear decision points during the development process—such as after a prototype has been tested—helps guide innovation teams on when it’s time to pursue patent protection.
Long-Term Innovation and IP Management
Effective patent management isn’t just about managing current filings; it’s about preparing for long-term innovation. Businesses that develop a forward-thinking approach to patents can protect their IP well into the future, while staying ahead of industry trends and competitors.
Strategic Patent Portfolio Growth
As your business grows, so will your patent portfolio. Instead of filing patents reactively, it’s important to take a proactive approach, focusing on strategic growth that aligns with your long-term business goals.
Consider how your patent portfolio can support your future innovation efforts, entering new markets, or expanding your product offerings.
This approach allows you to build a patent portfolio that not only protects your current innovations but also positions your business for future growth. Regularly reviewing and updating your patent strategy ensures that your portfolio remains relevant and valuable.
IP Audits and Portfolio Optimization
Conducting regular IP audits is essential for maintaining an effective patent portfolio. These audits involve evaluating the value of each patent, identifying gaps in protection, and eliminating patents that are no longer relevant to your business strategy.
This ensures that your portfolio remains streamlined and cost-effective.
Optimizing your patent portfolio also allows your business to focus on protecting high-value innovations, rather than spreading resources too thin across numerous filings. This approach helps prevent patent filings from disrupting innovation cycles by ensuring that only the most critical IP is pursued.
Anticipating Future Trends
Staying ahead of future trends is crucial for both innovation and patent management. Industries such as technology, biotech, and manufacturing are constantly evolving, with new advancements emerging regularly.
Anticipating these trends allows your business to prepare its patent filings in advance, ensuring that you’re protected as new technologies or market demands arise.
For example, if your business operates in a tech-driven industry, investing in research on upcoming trends—such as AI, blockchain, or sustainable technologies—can inform your patent strategy, allowing you to file early and secure protection in key areas before competitors do.
Maintaining Global Competitiveness
In a global market, protecting your IP across multiple countries is essential for maintaining competitiveness. As your business continues to innovate, ensuring that your global patent strategy remains robust will help you compete with international players and safeguard your market position.
This long-term approach involves regularly evaluating the regions where you do business, monitoring competitor filings, and staying informed about changes in global patent laws. By focusing on the markets that matter most to your business and adapting your global strategy accordingly, you can maintain a strong IP presence without slowing down innovation.
Final Thoughts on Managing Global Patent Filings
As the world becomes more interconnected, protecting your intellectual property on a global scale is crucial for businesses that rely on innovation. However, it’s not enough to simply file patents; the challenge lies in doing so without slowing down the creative processes that drive your company’s success. Balancing IP protection with rapid innovation cycles requires a strategic approach that accounts for cost, efficiency, and future growth.
Innovation and Patents Can Coexist
Many businesses worry that filing patents will slow down their innovation, but with the right systems in place, the two can coexist harmoniously. By integrating IP planning into your product development timeline, using tools like provisional patents and PCT filings, and fostering a culture that encourages both innovation and IP awareness, you can continue to create while securing protection for your most valuable ideas.
Think Globally, Protect Strategically
A global patent strategy doesn’t mean filing patents everywhere at once. It’s about making smart decisions on where to focus your resources.
Prioritize high-value markets, anticipate where your innovations will have the most impact, and leverage tools like patent management systems to keep everything on track. By protecting your IP strategically, you free up more resources to invest in continuous innovation.
Build a Flexible Patent Portfolio
A successful patent portfolio is one that adapts to changing technologies, market conditions, and business goals.
Regularly reviewing and optimizing your portfolio ensures that it stays relevant, efficient, and valuable. Whether through cross-licensing, IP audits, or shifting your focus to key markets, maintaining a flexible portfolio allows your business to evolve without sacrificing innovation.
Embrace Automation and Outsourcing
Automation and outsourcing are key to keeping patent filings from overwhelming your team. Use patent management software to streamline tasks and partner with local experts to handle the complexities of foreign filings.
These strategies help reduce administrative burden, allowing your innovation teams to remain focused on developing new ideas rather than managing paperwork.
Collaboration is Key
Finally, collaboration between your legal and innovation teams is essential for ensuring that patent filings support rather than hinder product development.
Regular communication, patent ambassadors, and cross-functional teams can help keep everyone aligned on priorities, making the patent process smoother and less disruptive to innovation cycles.
Wrapping it up
Managing global patent filings while maintaining innovation cycles is a delicate balancing act, but with a thoughtful, well-planned strategy, it’s entirely achievable. By leveraging tools like the Patent Cooperation Treaty, provisional patents, and patent management systems, businesses can protect their intellectual property without slowing down the creative processes that drive growth.
The key lies in being proactive—whether it’s by aligning patent filings with product development, staying informed about legal changes, or building a flexible patent portfolio that evolves alongside your business. With collaboration, strategic prioritization, and a commitment to both innovation and protection, businesses can thrive in today’s fast-paced global market while securing their most valuable assets.
By adopting these best practices, your company can continue to innovate fearlessly while ensuring that its intellectual property is safeguarded at every step of the way.
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